Bitar Ma'anar Kalmar 'Hausa' A Qarni Na 21:
Al'umma; Harshe; Azanci; Qasa; Nazari
Tsakure:
Masana sun yi ta yunquri a baya wajen rawaito asalin kalmar Hausa sai dai har yanzu ba a cimma wata qwaqqwarar matsaya game da inda tushen kalmar ya tusgo ba. Domin tarihin Hausawa da na samuwar kalmar ta Hausa al'amari ne da zai yi wuya a iya haxuwa bisa matsaya xaya sakamakon rashin tabbataccen rubutun da za a iya dogara da shi wajen sanin haqiqanin yadda qasar Hausa ta kafu da bayanin mazauna cikinta na farko da yadda al'amura suka cigaba da wakana daga zamani zuwa zamani; illa iyaka a cigaba da kintatowa har zuwa sa'ar da bincike zai tabbatar da gaskiyar yadda al'amarin yake. Amma idan aka jingine batun asalin kalmar to za a iya kallon ma'anar Hausa ta mabambantan fuskoki kamar yadda Ibrahim (1978) da Vavura (2008) suka kalle ta a matsayin kalma mai iya xaukar ma'anar harshe da mutanen da suke magana da harshen da kuma qasar da ake amfani da harshen. Bisa irin waxannan bayanai ne aka qara da cewa: Hausa kalma ce mai faffaxar ma'ana da take wakiltar Hausawa da harshensu da azancinsu da qasarsu da kuma nazarin al'amuransu. Wato kalma ce da ta qunshi mabambantan ma'anoni a qalla guda biyar masu alaqa ta qut da qut da junansu, musamman ta fuskar jama'a da yaren da suke magana da shi a matsayin harshensu da dabarun sarrafa tunani cikin harshen nasu da qasar da suke tutiya da ita a matsayin mazauninsu na dindindin da harkar nazari a fagen ilimin harshe da adabi da al'adu na Hausawan a makarantu da kwalejoji da jami'o'i a faxin duniya.
Mahimman Kalmomi: Bita; Hausa; al'umma; harshe; azanci; qasa; nazari; qarni na 21
Revisiting the Term 'Hausa' in the 21st Century:
Society; Language; Wisdom; Motherland; Studies
Abstract:
The research reported in this article is a review about the 'Hausa' term as it is employed over centuries by the Hausa natives to represent their homeland, language and the wisdom attributed to the usage of the language. However, a number of varied narrations have been put forward by scholars at different occasions in an endeavor to account for the origin of the term as well as early inhabitants of the present day Hausaland but never reach consensus due to lack of documented evidence. As an alternative to revisiting the history of the word, this paper focuses on the meaning of the term 'Hausa' as it is continually used in modern-days within the outline of Ibrahim (1978) & Vavura (2008), as they described it as a word which entails the Hausaland, people and their language. Additionally, the research elaborated that the term can be used to refers to the Hausa society, their language as a means of communication, the wisdom manifested in their language, their motherland and a field of studying the linguistic system, literature and cultural aspects of the people commonly found in Northern Nigeria, Niger and the diaspora.
Keywords: Revisiting, Hausa, society; language; wisdom; motherland; studies
Yusuf Nuhu Inuwa, BA, PGDE, MA, (PhD)
School of Languages, College of Arts, Sciences and Remedial Studies, Kano
Gabatarwa
Masana sun yi ta yunquri a mabambantan lokuta wajen rawaito asalin kalmar Hausa sai dai har yanzu ba a cimma wata qwaqqwarar matsaya game da inda tushen kalmar ya tusgo ba. Saboda asalin Hausawa da tarihin samuwar kalmar ta Hausa al'amari ne da zai yi wuya a iya haxuwa a kan matsaya xaya jal sakamakon rashin tabbataccen rubutun da za a iya dogara da shi wajen sanin haqiqanin yadda qasar Hausa ta kafu da bayanin mazauna cikinta na farko da kuma yadda al'amura suka cigaba da wakana zamani bayan zamani; illa iyaka a cigaba da kintatowa har zuwa lokacin da bincike zai tabbatar da haqiqanin yadda al'amarin yake. Amma idan aka jingine batun asalin kalmar ta Hausa to za a iya kallon ma'anar ita kanta kalmar ta mabambantan fuskoki kamar yadda masana suka kalle ta a matsayin kalma mai iya xaukar ma'anar harshe da mutanen da suke magana da harshen da kuma qasar da ake amfani da harshen. Bisa irin waxannan bayanai ne aka qara da cewa Hausa, kalma ce mai faffaxar ma'ana wadda take wakiltar Hausawa da harshensu da azancinsu da qasarsu da kuma nazarin al'amuransu.
A taqaice, Hausa kalma ce wadda ta qunshi mabambantan ma'anoni a qalla guda biyar waxanda suke da alaqa ta qut da qut da juna musamman ta fuskar jama'a da yaren da suke magana da shi a matsayin harshensu da dabarun sarrafa tunani cikin harshen nasu da qasar da suke tutiya da ita a matsayin mazauninsu na dindindin da kuma harkar nazari a fagen ilimin harshe da adabi da ma al'adu na Hausawan a makarantu da kwalejoji da jami'o'i a faxin duniya. Sai dai kuma ba an rubuta wannan takarda ne da burin bibiyar tarihi ko asalin kalmar Hausa ba domin tarihin Hausawa da na samuwar kalmar ta Hausa abu ne da zai yi wuya a iya haxuwa bisa matsaya xaya duba da rashin wanzajjen rubutun abin dogara game da kafuwa da mazauna cikin qasar Hausa na farko da kuma yadda lamura suka cigaba da faruwa tun daga lokacin zuwa yau. Saboda haka waiwaye adon tafiya kawai aka yi game da ma'anar kalmar ta Hausa domin cimma manufar rubuta wannan maqala wanda a dalilin haka ne ma ba a tsaya waiwayen asalin samuwar kalmar ba; illa iyaka dai bibiyar ma'anar da kalmar take da shi a wurin Hausawa da ma majivantansu wajen yi wa maqala kyakkyawar gabatarwa.
Bitar Ayyukan Bincike
Idan aka ajiye maganar asali ko farkon samuwar kalmar Hausa to za a iya kallon ma'anar kalmar ta mabambantan fuskoki kamar yadda masana harshe da adabi da al'adun Hausa a mabambantan lokuta suka yi rubuce-rubuce da gabatar da takardu a wurare dabam-dabam domin yin qarin haske a kan ma'anar kalmar, musamman ma matsayin kalmar a idon Hausawa da majivantansu na kusa da na nesa. Kusan za a iya cewa Bargery (1934) yana xaya daga cikin masanan da suka fara bayyana ma'anar kalmar Hausa a cikin ayyukansu. Ya shigar da Hausa cikin jerangiyar kalmomin qamus xinsa a matsayin kalma mai iya wakiltar harshen Hausa da dukkan wani harshe wanda Hausawa ba sa ji ko zancen da suka kasa ganewa a cikin Hausa da kuma azancin da yake cikin maganganun Hausawa, musamman masu sauqaqa fahimta. Baya ga ma'anar harshe da Hausa take iya xauka, harwayau, kalmar tana wakiltar qasar Hausawa ta gado, wato yankin da aka fi amfani da harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen uwa a ban qasa. Xoriya a kan ma'anar Bargery ita ce ma'anar da Abraham (1962) ya ba wa kalmar a cikin qamusunsa, inda ya bayyana ma'anar Hausa da kalma ce wadda take iya wakiltar harshe da qasar Hausa ta gado da dukkan wani yare da Bahaushe ba ya ji da kuma zancen da malam Bahaushe zai kasa fahimta yayin da ake magana cikin harshen nasa na Hausa.
Daga baya ne kuma aka fara samun manazarta Hausawa, waxanda su ma suka fara tofa albarkacin bakinsu game da ma'anar kalmar ta Hausa. Ibrahim (1978) da Vavura (2008) su kuma sun bayyana Hausa a matsayin kalma mai iya xaukar ma'anar harshe da mutanen da suke magana da harshen a matsayin harshen uwa, wato Hausawa da kuma qasar da ake amfani da harshen, wato qasar Hausa. Yayin gabatar da maqalarsa, Bunza (2004) ya dunqule harshen Hausa da kaxaitacciyar kalmar Hausa da al'adun Hausawa domin ambatonsu da suna 'Hausa', musamman a wannan qarni na ashirin da xaya. Daxin daxawa, Bunza (2015) ya sake kallon ma'anar kalmar ta Hausa a matsayin harshen da Hausawa suke sadarwa da shi sai kuma yankin qasashe da garuruwan da suke mamaye da xabi'u da al'adun Hausawa (masarautun qasar Hausa) sannan sai kuma fasahar (azancin) da yake xamfare cikin harshen, wato zalaqar iya amfani da harshen na Hausa yayin sadarwa. Ta fuskar karatu kuwa, marubucin ya kalli Hausa a matsayin wani wagegen fage da ake nazarin tsari (nahawu) da yadda ake amfani da harshen Hausa da fannonin adabin Hausa da kuma al'adun zamantakewar Hausawa tun daga zamanin zamunna.
Junaidu (2011) ma ya yi bayanin amfani da kalmar Hausa a matsayin wani fage na nazari da ake karanta da karantar da harshe da adabi da kuma al'adun Hausawa a sassa dabam-dabam na Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya a jami'o'i da Sashen Harsuna a manyan makarantu da kwalejojin ilimi a Najeriya da kuma sasannin koyar da Kimiyyar Harshe da ma Harsuna ko Al'amuran Afirka da ake samu cikin manyan jami'o'i da cibiyoyin ilimi a Afirka da Qasar Amurka da kuma na qasashen Turai. Bisa haka ne ma Aldul-Qadeer (2011) ya bibiyi tarihin Hausa a matakin nazari inda ya gano cewar Turawa ne malaman farko da suka fara koyar da Hausa a makarantu da jami'o'i, waxanda suka yi nazarinta cikin harsunan Turanci kafin daga bisani Hausawa su ma suka tsunduma cikin harkar koyar da Hausar cikin harshensu ta hanyar fassara kalmomin fannu daga harsunan Larabci da Ingilishi da Faransaci domin amfanin masu koyo da koyarwa. Saboda haka, qarqashin bita da fahimtar irin waxannan ayyuka na magabata ne wannan takarda ta sake kallon Hausa a matsayin kalma mai iya xaukar mabambantan ma'anoni guda biyar masu alaqa ta qut da qut da junansu. Wato kalma ce wadda take wakiltar jama'a da yaren da suke magana da shi a matsayin harshensu da dabarun sarrafa tunani cikin harshen nasu da qasar da suke tutiya da ita a matsayin mazauninsu na dindindin da kuma harkar nazari a fagen ilimin harshe da adabi da ma al'adu na Hausawan a manyan makarantu da kwalejojin ilimi da jami'o'i a duniya.
Tattaunawa
Duba da qoqarin da masana suka yi wajen gabatar da bayanai kan ma'anar kalmar Hausa, inda kusan babu wani daga cikin manazarta da ya tava dunqule ma'anoni har guda biyar da kalmar take iya xauka, wanda hakan ne ya sa wannan qasida ta qara fitowa da kalmar qarin ma'anoni kamar yadda za a tattauna a qasa.
Hausa a Matsayin Al'umma
"Hausa karambani ka jan su, Bakambare nake" Muhammadu Gambu
Ana yi wa tushen kalmar Hausa –Haus- qari da xafa-goshi na qwayar ma'anar ba- a gabanta da sauya baqin qarshe na tushen kalmar daga s > sh tare kuma da canja wasalin qarshe na kalmar daga a > -e / -iya a lokaci guda domin samar da wata kalmar ta dabam daga ta farko, wadda zata wakilci mutumin da ake alaqanta asalinsa/ta da Hausa; wato a samar da kalmar Bahaushe (namiji, tilo) ko kuma Bahaushiya (tamata, tilo). Yayin da kuma ake son a gina wata kalma wadda za a danganta wasu mutane masu alaqar tarihi da al'adu da kuma qasar Hausa to sai a yi wa tushen kalmar Haus- xin qari na xafa-qeyar –awa a qarshenta a samar da kalmar Hausawa. Kenan Hausawa al'umma ce ko tarayyar mutane ne da suke yin hulxar furuci da Hausanci ko abin da ake cewa harshen Hausa. Haka kuma, su ne jama'ar da qasar Hausa ce mazauninsu tun daga kaka da kakanni waxanda kuma harshen Hausa ne yarensu na asali ta yadda a sanadiyyar haka ne ma ake kiran mutanen da suka shaqu da al'adun ko suka taso cikin xabi'un Hausa da Hausawa. Irin wannan dalilin ne ma ya sa Hausawan suke yin amfani da kalmar Hausa wajen kiran kansu da ma harshensu da ita. Daxin daxawa, wasu maqwabtan qabilu kamar Yarbawa suna kiran Hausawa da Gambari, Bare-bari su kira su da Afno, Jukunawa kuwa su kira su da Mgbakpa kamar yadda Jukun xin suke kiran tsatsonsu Jukunawa waxanda suka musulunta har ta kai ga sun fara sajewa cikin al'adun Hausawa da Abakwariga, su kuwa Fulani sukan ambaci Hausawa ne da kalmar Kaxo ko Have (Mukhtar, 2014).
Duk da yake cewar ana samun ximbin Hausawa da masu magana da harshen a ciki da wajen Afirka, musamman ma a yankin Afirka ta Yamma, sai dai an fi yin amfani da harshen na Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya da kuma Kudu maso Yammacin Jumhuriyar Nijar. Domin nan ne ya kasance tabbatacciyar farfajiyar qasar Hausa sannan kuma inda Hausawa da takwarorinsu suka fi yin amfani da harshen fiye da ko'ina a faxin duniya. Wuraren da ake samun tarin Hausawa da suka yi kaka-gida har ma suka zama 'yanqasa baya ga qasarsu ta Hausa kuwa akwai Qasar Gana, Cadi, Kamaru, Binin, Saliyo, Sudan, Togo, Mali, Burkina Faso, Sanigal, Gini, Kwadebuwa, Masar, Libiya, Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabon, Maroko, Aljeriya, Saudi Arabiya da sauransu da dama. Cikin haka ne ma Yusuf (2011) ya qiyasta cewa akwai kimanin al'ummar da suke magana da Hausa a matsayin harshen uwa ko harshen farko kimanin mutum miliyan tamanin zuwa xari (80–100) kamar yadda ake samun aqalla mutane miliyan xari (100) zuwa sama waxanda suke amfani da harshen a matsayin harshe na biyu ko na uku ko kuma ma harshen hulxa a duniya bakixaya.
Irin wannan tsarin zamantakewa da cuxanyar al'adu da sadarwa tsakanin Hausawa da majivantansu ne ya ja hankalin Paden (1968) ga raba masu magana da Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya da sauran wurare zuwa rukuni uku. Da farko dai akwai Hausawa, waxanda ba su da wani asali ta fuskar harshe da tarihi da xabi'u face na Hausa. Kaso na biyu kuwa, su ne waxanda suka zama Hausawa sakamakon sajewa da suka yi cikin zamantakewa da xabi'un Hausa ta yadda har tarihi da harshensu na asali yake neman vacewa vat ko ma sun narke gabaxaya a cikin na Hausa; saboda haka ba su da wata makama face rungumar Hausa a matsayin madogararsu. Irin waxannan mutane ne Kwakwaci (2010) yake ganin su ma za a iya kiran su da Hausawa, saboda na-ji-daxi ne gari ba na-saba ba ta sa sun bar yarensu na gado sun kuma riqi Hausa a matsayin harshensu sakamakon auratayya ko zaman tare duk kuwa da cewar har yanzu suna danganta kansu da wata qabila. Rukunin qarshe su ne mutanen da suke da harshe da tarihi da al'adu daban da na Hausawa amma kuma suke amfani da Hausa a matsayin harshe na biyu ko na uku yayin gudanar da hulxoxinsu na yau da kullum; waxannan su ne irin qabilun da suke iya amfani da Hausa haxe da harshensu na uwa kuma suke magana da su a cikin harkokinsu na sadarwa. Wannan ne ya tabbatar da cewa akwai ximbin majiya-harshe biyu, waxanda Hausa ne harshensu na biyu a Arewacin Najeriya da kuma a wasu vangarori na ciki da wajen qasar (Smirnova, 1982); kamar yadda shi ma Gambu ya tabbatar da haka a cikin waqarsa.
Arna ka giya arna ka shan ta,
Hausa karambani ka jan su,
Bakambare nake,
Mu ad da giya mu munka gaje ta. (Waqar Inuwa Xanmaxaci)
A cikin xiyan wannan waqa Gambu ya ambaci Hausa a matsayin qabila kamar kowace, wadda daga bisani tasirin maqwabtaka da cuxanyar al'adu da yawan jama'a ya mayar da ita al'umma. Kenan Gambu ma da mutane irinsa suna daga cikin waxanda suka rungumi Hausa a matsayin harshen farko duk da dai cewar har yanzu yana tabbatarwa da kuma alaqanta asalinsa da qabilar Kambari, a lokaci xaya kuma yake ambaton Hausa a matsayin qabila ko al'umma. Shi kuwa Muhammadu Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Katsina alaqanta Hausa da garuruwansu guda bakwai na asali ya yi, waxanda kusan xaukacin Hausawa suke danganta tarihinsu da garuruwan a matsayin tushensu, a inda yake cewa:
Darajjar Shehu tun da bayyana ce,
Ba sai an faxi ba Hausa Bakwai,
Ko da Ikko ce mutum ya ji alama,
Bubakar Sadauki na Mu'azu,
Kai ag gidan Shehu da Bello (Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar).
Hausa Bakwai kalma ce da take nufin cibiyar qabilar Hausa tun daga kaka da kakanni, musamman garuruwan Daura da Rano da Gobir da Kano da Katsina da Zazzau da Garun Gabas (Biram), waxanda tun fil azal ba su da wata kalmar da suke danganta tarihinsu da ita face Hausa, waxanda kuma su ne qabilun da babu wani yare wanda suke alaqanta kansu da shi sama da harshen Hausa a doron qasa.
Hausa a Matakin Harshe
"Na ji Hausawa suna faxi cikin Hausanci" Sani Sabulu
Ma'ana ta biyu da kalmar Hausa take iya xauka ita ce ta harshe, wanda shi ne yaren da Hausawa da maqwabtansu suke amfani da shi wajen sadarwa cikin zamantakewarsu ta yau da kullum. A taqaicen taqaitawa, Hausa shi ne Hausanci, wato yaren da Hausawa suke amfani da shi a matsayin harshen uwa ko harshen farko, wanda kuma suke tashi da shi tun daga quruciya har zuwa qarshen rayuwarsu. Su ma da kansu Hausawa suna kiran harshen nasu da Hausa; ta yadda zaka ji idan an yi wa mutum maganar da bai gane ta ba sai ya nuna cewar 'ban ji/gane Hausar ba'; wato bai fahimci abin da aka faxa ba. A wani lokacin akan ji Bahaushe ya ce 'na ji ana wata Hausa' a duk sanda ya ji ana magana da wani yare ko gwalangwalantun da bai laqanta ba (Adamu, 1997). Har ila yau, Hausa tana zamantowa harshe na biyu ko na uku ga wasu mutane waxanda ba Hausawa ba ne, wanda suke sadarwa da shi a tsakaninsu cikin mu'amalolinsu na rayuwa. Akwai aqalla irin waxannan qabilu guda xari huxu a cikin Tarayyar Najeriya waxanda mafi yawa daga cikinsu suke cuxanya da Hausa ta mabambantan fuskoki irin na hulxatayyar harshe da kuma zaman haxaka a qarqashin tuta xaya. Cikin haka ne ma ake samun kaso da yawa cikin qabilun da suke da harshensu na gado musamman a Arewacin Najeriya suke sauqin koya da fahimta har ma a kai ga sun iya magana da harshen na Hausa wajen gudanar da harkokinsu na yau da kullum. Ba komai ne ya ba Hausa wannan matsayi ba face yaxuwar Hausawa da bunqasa da kuma cigaban da harshen ya rinqa samu daga zamani zuwa zamani.
Alhaji Musa Xanqwairo ma da jama'arsa yana xaya cikin mutanen da suka tabbatar da cewar ana amfani da kalmar Hausa a matsayin harshe yayin da ya amsa gayyatar Bare-bari domin rerawa Shehu Umar Alkanemi waqa da Hausa a fadar Shehun na Barno a garin Maiduguri. A cikin waqar ya bayyana cewa duk da Shehun bai ba shi amsar gaisuwar da ya yi masa cikin harshen Hausa ba amma an samu masu jin Hausar da suka gaya masa cewa ai Shehun ba ya yin magana da Hausa ko wani yare na dabam da ba Barbanci ba yayin zaman fada. Ga abin da yake cewa game da Hausa a matsayin yare a cikin xiyan waqar tasa:
Xanqwairo na je Barno,
Can Bare-bari sun yi kirana,
……………………………..,
Na ko je na iske Shehu,
Sai nic ce ranka ya daxe,
Sai yaq qyale bai tanka ba,
Sai nac ce mai Allah sabbunani,
Kuma yaq qyale bai tanka ba,
Na tambayi Zanna Yawudima,
Ko Shehun ba ya jin Hausa?
To in dai ba ka jin Hausa,
Bari in gaisai da yarenai. (Waqar Shehun Barno)
Bisa irin waxannan bayanai ne ma wani daga cikin Turawan Kamfani da ya tava ziyartar qasar Hausa a wajejen qarshen Qarni na sha tara (Q.19) ya bayyana Hausa a matsayin harshen da ya samu tagomashin gwamnatin Ingila kamar yadda ya rawaito a cikin littafinsa "A bara ne Gwamnati ta zavi Hausa a matsayin xaya daga cikin harsunan da suka dace a rinqa fassarar al'amuran soji da shi" Robinson (1897:2). A taqaice, ana amfani da kalmar Hausa a matsayin yare ko harshen xaukacin mutanen da suke amsa sunan Hausawa ne su a faxin duniya, musamman ma waxanda suka sha Hausar a mama. Qarqashin haka ne ma Aqilu Aliyu a matsayinsa na Bahaushe kuma mai rajin kishi da kare harshensa a wasu daga cikin baitukan waqarsa ya qara tabbatar da cewar Hausa fa, harshe ne kuma yaren dukkan wani mai kiran kansa da suna Bahaushe ne a ban qasa. Wanda harwayau kuma ya kyautu ga Hausawa da su zage dantse wajen bunqasa harshen nasu ta yadda zasu ma iya yin taqama da shi a duk inda suka tsinci kansu a sararin duniya. Ga abin da yake cewa:
Qwazo ya kyautu da mu, mu nuna kuzarin,
Inganta harshen namu, shi ne Hausa.
……………………………………..
Ni dai Aqilu Aliyu nai waqena,
Ba don a ce mini na fi kowa Hausa. (Hausa Mai Ban Haushi)
Daxin daxawa, harshen Hausa shi ne babba kuma fitaccen harshe a yankin Afirka ta Yamma, wanda yake tafiya kafaxa da kafaxa da harsunan Larabci da Siwahila a xaukacin Afirka. Qarqashin wannan bayani zamu gane cewa Hausa babban harshe ne mai farin jini a tushensa, wato a Najeriya mai kimanin harsuna xari huxu (400) da Jamhuriyar Nijar mai kusan harsuna (150) da kuma a faxin Afirka inda ake da kimanin harsuna dubu biyu (2000) da ma kuma a duniya bakixaya mai mabambantan harsuna aqalla sama da dubu shida (6000) waxanda ake amfani da su a matsayin hanyoyin sadarwa. Hausa bayan haka, harshen gidan Cadi ne wanda tushensa ya tusgo daga cibiyar harsunan Afrosiya. Baya ga harshen na Hausa ana samun harsuna iyalan Cadi a jihohin da suka mamaye Arewa Maso-yamma da Arewa Maso-gabas da Arewa ta Tsakiya cikin Tarayyar Najeriya da kusan Xaukacin Arewacin Jamhuriyar Nijar da kuma wasu vangarori na qasar Cadi da Jamhuriyar Kamaru. Irin waxannan harsuna 'yan'uwan Hausa da ake samun su a gefen tafkin Cadi da kewayensa sun haxa da harshen Bura, Vacama, Margi, Kilba, Higi, Kotoko, Mandara, Tere, Badanci, Bolanci, Kare-kare, Ingizim, Angas da sauran harsuna da qabilun da binciken ya kai kansu da ma waxanda nazarin masana bai kai gare su ba a yankin na Afirka da ma a wasu wurare a duniya bakixaya. Bayan haka, binciken masanan zamani a kwanan nan ya tabbatar da makusanciyar dangantakar da ta wanzu tsakanin harshen na Hausa da takwarorinsa na cikin rukunin Afrosiya, musamman ma harsunan Larabci da Hiburu da Ibramiyanci da Amharik da sauran dangogin harsunan da ake samu a cikin rukunin.
Kenan harsunan duniya rankatakaf xinsu yaruka ne da suka tofo/toho daga tushe xaya, waxanda daga baya ne suka watsu zuwa dangogi sannan kuma suka zama iyalai mabambanta (Fromkin & Rodman, 1974). Zuri'ar Afrosiya na xaya daga cikin waxannan dangogin na harsuna, wanda yake da 'ya'ya da yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma a Nahiyar Afirka. Bisa haka ne ma aka raba zuri'ar harsunan na Afrosiya zuwa gida biyar wanda kuma kowane kaso daga cikin biyar xin nan ya qunshi wasu daga cikin manyan harsunan duniya waxanda mabambantan mutane masu bin addinai da tsarin al'adu da kuma tarihi dabam-dabam suke magana da su a doron duniya. Daga ciki akwai iyalan Samawa (Semitic), wanda ya qunshi harsunan Larabci da Hiburu da wasu daga cikin tsirarun harsunan da ake samu a yankin tsohuwar Habasha (Ethiopiya da Jibuti da Eritiriya) da kuma a Sudan ta Kudu. Baya ga wannan sai harsunan gidan Babar waxanda aka fi samun masu yin amfani da harsunan a Aljeriya da Maroko da kuma wasu vangarori na qasashen Libiya da Mauritaniya da Mali da Nijar. Akwai kuma 'ya gidan Kushitik, harsunan da aka fi samun masu magana da su a qasar Somaliya, wanda harshen Somali yake xaya da cikinsu da kuma a Habasa, inda harshen Amharik da ragowar wasu harsunan da ake samu a qasashen biyu da ma a Sudan ta Kudu suke zamanto 'yangida a cikin wannan kaso.
Harshen Misiranci, wanda Qibxanci (Coptic) da Larabci suka maye gurbinsa a Masar ta yanzu su ma suna xaya daga cikin harsunan da suka tusgo daga cikin zuri'ar Afrosiya. Baya ga waxannan gidajen na harsuna guda huxu sai cikon na biyar da aka fi samun 'ya'yansa a tsakiya da kuma a yammacin Afirka, wanda harshen Hausa yake jagorantar xaukacin harsunan ciki ta fuskar yaxuwa da yawan majiya; ba kowane gida ba ne wannan face harshen Cadi. Ana samun waxannan harsuna na gidan Cadi a jihohin Barno da Yobe da Taraba da Adamawa da Nasarawa da Bauci da Filato da Gwambe da xaukacin jihohi da garuruwan Hausa Bakwai da 'Yan'uwa (Banza) Bakwai suka faxa cikinsu a Najeriya. Daga cikin harsunan da suka fito daga cikin wannan gida kuwa akwai Margi da Kare-kare da Bura da Angas da Tangale da Bade da Hausa da kuma Gwandara, wanda ya samo asali daga harshen na Hausa, musammam ma Kanonci.
Hausa a Maimakon Azanci/Tuntuntuni
Hausa ba dabo ba ce – Hausawa
Ma'ana ta uku da ake jinginawa ga kalmar Hausa ita ce ta tuntuntunin da ake ganin nasonsa a cikin azancin maganar Hausawa, waxanda suke maqare a cikin harshen nasu. Tuntuntuni dai shi ne abin da ake kira da falsafa, wato zurfafa tunani domin warware matsala ko don kyautata magana, wato qawata zance. Azanci kuwa shi ake ambato da hikima, wato dabarun sarrafa tunani cikin zantuka da ma a rayuwa gabaxaya. Ana iya gane zurfin tunanin al'umma ne a virvishin azancin da ake iya tsinkaya a cikin adabinsu da tarsashin zantukan hikimarsu, wanda harshen Hausa cike yake da irin waxannan dabaru na sarrafa harshe. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, Hausa suna ne da aka laqabawa harshe da kuma al'ummar da za a iske suna zaune a qasarsu ta gado cikin yankin Afirka ta Yamma in aka tashi lalubensu a taswirar duniya, musamman ma mutanen da suka sha harshen a mama, wato masu amfani da harshen a matsayin harshen uwa. A saboda haka ne ma su da kansu Hausawa suke kiran harshensu da Hausa kamar yadda suke alaqanta azancin da ya dabaibaye adabi da tuntuntuninsu da kalmar ta Hausa a cikin al'amuran zamantakewarsu.
Bisa haka ne zaka ji in aka yi arashi da wani ya kasa warware wata sarqaqiya ko surqullen zance sai ka tsinkayi Hausawa suna cewa 'wane ba shi da Hausa'; a sakamakon gazawar mutumin wajen yin bayani tarwai yadda kowa zai fahimci maganar cikin sauqi. A irin haka ne ma suke alaqanta Hausa da ragon azancin da mutane suke tsintar kansu a ciki wajen warware sarqaqiyar zance, musamman ma abin da ya shafi lissafi ko kwatance ko iya bayani xoxar cikin harshen na Hausa. Cikin haka ne ma Hausawa suke kurara harshensu da cewar 'Hausa ba dabo ba ce', a wani lokacin ma su ce 'Hausa mai ban haushi'; ba domin komai ba kuwa sai don zamantowar azancin da yake xamfare cikin tuntuntunin harshen, musamman ma cikin al'amuran adabi da iya saqa zantuka. Azancin da Hausawa suke kira Hausa kan gagari 'ya'yan harshen kansu a wani lokacin ballantana kuma 'yan'uba ko baqi, waxanda suke amfani da harshen a matsayin harshe na biyu ko na uku ko ma harshen hulxa kawai. Musa Xanqwairo ma ya tafi a kan wannan fahimta a cikin waqarsa, inda ya ambaci Hausa a matsayin azanci, wato dabarar sarrafa tunani cikin Hausanci domin warware matsala ko kyautata magana, a inda yake cewa:
Raggo mai hanta hauni,
Dubaratai ai ba ta his sai,
Don na san ba shi da Hausa. (Mai Tcahe Sannu da Daga)
Hausa a Madadin Qasa
Wata ma'anar da kalmar Hausa ta qunsa ita ce wadda ake jingina ta ga farfajiyar qasar Hausa. Abin nufi da qasa kuwa shi ne mazaunin da aka tabbatar a nan Hausawa suke zaune tun tali-tali a cikin garuruwa da biranen da suka yi wa yankin qawanya. Gusau (2008) ma ya tafi a kan cewar qasar Hausa ita ce farfajiyar da Hausawa suke zaune a cikinta, wadda kuma take cike da manyan garuruwa da kuma fitattun birane. Kenan ana yin amfani da kalmar Hausa a matsayin mazaunin da kaso mafi yawa na Hausawa suke zaune a ciki, inda kuma nan ne ragowar Hausawan da suka watsu a duniya suke alaqantawa a matsayin tushensu na asali. Har ila yau kuma, Qasar Hausa ta qunshi dukkan da'irar da ta zamanto mafi yawan mutanen cikinta suke furuci da harshen Hausa a matsayin hanyar sadarwa. Qasashen Hausawa na asali su ake kira da "Hausa Bakwai", waxanda suka haxa da Gobir da Katsina da Daura da Kano da Rano da Garun Gabas (Biram) da kuma Zazzau. Waxannan yankuna na qasar Hausa a yanzu sun faxa cikin jihohin Kano da Sakkwato da Kabi da Zamfara da Bauci da Jigawa da Katsina a Tarayyar Najeriya, sai kuma wasu manyan garuruwa da jihohi irin su Maraxi da Madawa da Filinge da Gaya da Birnin Qwanni da Dogon Dutci da Damagaram da Tsibiri a cikin Jamhuriyar Nijar. A cikin waxannan garuruwa da birane ne tushen Hausa yake, wanda kuma daga nan ne Hausawa da al'adunsu da harshensu suka watsu zuwa sauran wurare a ban qasa.
Mu'azu (2014) ya tabbatar da cewar qasar Hausa a qarnukan baya kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka a haxe take wuri xaya, duk da cewar kowace qasa qarqashin babban sarkinta cin gashin kanta take yi; amma sakamakon mulkin mallakar da ya ci Hausa da yaqi sai qasar ta dare zuwa gida biyu. Inda aka samu Hausawan da suka tsinci kansu a Nijar qarqashin ikon Faranshi yayin da wasu kuma suka samu kansu a Najeriya qarqashin mulkin Ingilishi. Babban misalin da za a iya bugawa game da wannan al'amari na raba qasar Hausa da Turawa suka yi shi ne na qasar Katsina wadda garin Maraxi yake a qarqashinta a baya kafin a tsaga su zuwa gida biyu, a inda Maraxi ta faxa Nijar ita kuma qasar Katsina ta zama jiha a cikin Najeriya ta yanzu. Qarqashin wannan rabo ne za a gane cewa gurbin qasar Hausa dai farfajiya ce da take a tsakanin dazuzzukan da suka maqwabci gavar Tekun Atilantika daga varin Kudu a Najeriya da kuma Hamadar Sahara daga sashen Arewa na Nijar. Irin wannan alaqa ta mulkin mallaka tsakanin Turawa Ingilishi da qasar Hausa ce ta ja hankalin Salihu Jankixi a cikin waqarsa ta Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Sunusi ya kwatanta Kano da Birnin Landan na Qasar Ingilia a matsayin garin Kanon na bunqasasshe kuma fitaccen birni, musamman ta fuskar noma da harkokin kasuwanci da ma na masana'antu a qasar Hausa da duniya bakixaya. Bisa haka ne ma kalmar Hausa a xiyan waqar ta zo da ma'anar qasar 'Yanhausa (Hausawa) mai manyan biranen da har ta kai za a iya kamanta Kano da Birnin Landan saboda qasaitarta; kamar yadda ya rera waqar:
Dole qarhi ka sa ai komai,
Rani an mai sai damuna,
Ga ruwa na gudana bisa ga qasa,
Ga shuke-shuke can cikin gida,
Baturiya Gwamna shi yac ce mata,
Ga Kano Ingilar 'Yanhausa (Hausawa),
Nan akan saqa kayan yabqi,
Martabar Shehu na yas samo. (Qi-sake Sadauki Na Bubakar).
Baya ga tsaunuka da kogunan da suka ratsa ta cikin qasar Hausa, shimfixaxxiyar jigawa ce mai mayalwacin sarari wadda qasarta take da daraja da albarka wajen noma da kiwo (Adamu, 1997). A yau qasar Hausa mai iyakoki ta kowace fuska, a taswirar duniya tana cikin yammacin Afirka ne a Arewacin Najeriya da kuma Kudancin Nijar. A vangaren Gabas Hausa ta yi iyaka da Daular Barno ne, daga sashen Yamma kuwa da garuruwa ko da qabilun bakin kogin Kuwara (Kwara) ta yi iyaka savanin a shiyyar Kudu inda qasar ta yi iyaka da Gwarawa (Gbagyi) ne da kuma sauran qabilun kudancin Zariya da ma na kudancin Bauci; a inda kuma a sashen arewa ta yi iyaka da qabilun Azbinawa (Buzaye) da sauran yarukan da ake samun qabilun da suke magana da su a Jamhuriyar Nijar a yanzu. Saboda haka, qasashen Hausa a yau su ne xaukacin garuruwan Kano da Rano a Jihar Kanon Dabo da Jihar Jigawa da Katsina da Daura a Jihar Katsinan Dikko da Masarautar Zazzau a Jihar Kaduna da Gobir da Sakkwato a Jihar Sakkwato Birnin Shehu da Jihar Zamfara da Birnin Kabi da Argungun da Gwandu da Birnin Yawuri a jihar Kabi da Masarautar Kwantagora da ta Suleja a Jihar Neja da Yankin Guddiri da Arewacin Jihar Bauci da Masarautar Kafi a Jihar Nasarawa waxanda dukkansu suke a cikin tarayyar Najeriya. Garuruwan Maraxi da Tsibiri da Damagaram da Adar da Birnin Qwanni da Filinge da Dogon Dutci da Madawa da sauransu, wurare ne da suka haxu suka gina qasar Hausa a duniyar yau.
Daxin daxawa, Hausawa da kansu sukan kira garuruwan da suka fito ko kuma yankin qasashensu rankatakaf da sunan Hausa kamar yadda Alasan Xantata ya rawaito labarin haxuwarsa da wani dattijo, wanda ya umarce shi da siyan wani dutse kafin ya wuce zuwa qasar Hausa a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Legas daga Birnin Akara na qasar Gana, al'amarin da ya yi sanadiyar xaukakarsa kamar yadda ya maimaita maganar mutumin a cikin tarihinsa: "In ka isa Legas ka da ka wuce Hausa, ka nemi irin dutsen nan ka siyo shi da duk abin da ka mallaka" (Kano Sate: Jiya da Yau: 39). Daga wannan lokaci da ya bi umarnin maganar mutumin nan ne kuma Allah ya cigaba da sanya albarka cikin tushen dukiyarsa. A cikin littafin Shaihu Umar kuwa kalmar ta Hausa aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin qasar ko yankin Sakkawato: "Yanzu na yi niyyar zuwa Hausa in ziyarci kabarin babban waliyyi, Shaihu Usmanu Xanhodiyo" (Tafawa Balewa: sh.36); kamar yadda su ma Sakkwatawa suke yin amfani da kalmar ta Hausa a mafi yawancin lokuta a matsayin Qasar Sakkwato ko yankin tsohuwar jihar Sakkwato (garin Sakkwato da yankin Gobir da Jihar Kabi da Jihar Zamfara) kamar yadda a wani lokacin suke nufin qasar Hausa gavadaya da kalmar. Misali, Xan Qwairo a cikin waqar da ya rerawa Ahmadu Bello Sardauna yana cewa:
Amadu ya zo Hausa (Sakkwato),
Ga shi gidanai rannan…… (Mai Dubun Nasara Garnaqaqi)
Hausa a Gwadaben Nazari
Yayin da ake maganar kalmar Hausa a mahangar nazari to ana batu ne game da nazartar Hausa a matakai dabam-dabam na ilimi da ake koyo da koyar da Hausa a duniya bakixaya. Idan aka waiwayi tarihin Hausa musamman in aka qyallaro lokacin da aka fara rubutu da harshen har ta kai ga ya zama wani tangamemen fage na ilimi cikin abin da ya jivanci nazarin harshe da adabi da kuma al'adun Hausawa za a iske cewa masana sun xebe kusan shekara xari biyu suna yi ba qaqqautawa. Wannan al'amari ne ya ja hankalin Junaidu (2011) ga bayanin Hausa a matsayin wani fage na nazari da ake karanta da karantar da harshe da adabi da kuma al'adun Hausawa a sassa dabam-dabam na Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya a jami'o'i da Sashen Harsuna a manyan makarantu da kwalejojin ilimi a Najeriya da kuma sasannin koyar da Kimiyyar Harshe da ma Harsuna ko Al'amuran Afirka da ake samu cikin manyan jami'o'i da cibiyoyin ilimi a Afirka da Qasar Amurka da kuma na qasashen Turai. Qarqashin haka ne ma gwamnati a Najeriya ta warewa Hausa gurbi a manhajar karatu ta makarantun firamare da sakandire a Najeriya domin nazartar harshe da adabi da ma al'adu na Hausawa a kowane mataki na koyo da koyarwa a cikin waxannan makarantun kamar yadda gwamnati a Jamhuriyar Nijar ita ma ta bi sawu.
Malaman farko a duniya da suka fara koyar da Hausa a makarantu da jami'o'i su ne Turawa, waxanda suka yi nazarinta cikin harsunan Turanci kafin daga bisani 'yanqasa Hausawa su ma suka tsunduma cikin harkar koyar da Hausar cikin harshensu ta hanyar fassara kalmomin fannu daga harsunan Larabci da na Ingilishi (ko Faransaci) domin amfanin masu koyo da koyarwa (Aldul-Qadeer, 2011). Bugu da qari, irin wannan yunquri da Turawa suka fara assasawa cikin harkar nazarin Hausa a matsayin wani fage na ilimi ta hanyar wallafa littattafai da gabatar da takardu a taruka ne ya cusa kishi a zuqatan Hausawa masana Hausar yin hovvasa wajen samar da littattafai da maqaloli a vangarorin nazari na Hausa guda uku, wato harshe da al'adun Hausawa da adabinsu cikin Hausa domin amfanin xalibai da manazarta. Bisa haka ne ma Bunza (2004) ya bugi qirji da cewar a rankatakaf xin harsunan da ake da su a Afirka babu wani harshe da yake da tarin masana kwatankwacin na harshen Hausa kamar yadda kuma ake da ximbin talifai na mujallu da jaridu da maqalu da littattafan nazari waxanda aka wallafa cikin al'amuran rubuce-rubuce game da nazarin Hausa da ma sauran vangarorin ilimi da na rayuwa gabaxaya. A waqar da Aqilu Aliyu ya rera ta xungurungum ga Sashen Koyar da Hausa, mawaqin yana cewa:
Sa mini hattararka, ka kimsa, Sarki, kar ka sa in kasa,
Sa kusa kar mu kai ta a nesa, Sashen Hausa ya bunqasa,
Sosai, ya xarar wa waninsa. (Harshen Hausa)
Kammalawa
A qarshe, wannan takarda ta qara faxaxa ma'anar Hausa daga al'umma da qasa da harshe kawai zuwa kalma mai ma'ana wadda take iya wakiltar Hausawa da harshensu da azancinsu da qasarsu da kuma nazarin rayuwarsu. Kenan kalma ce mai faxaxan ma'anoni a qalla guda biyar masu alaqa junansu ta fuskar jama'a da yaren da suke amfani da shi da dabarun sarrafa tunani cikin harshen da qasar da suke yin tutiya da ita a matsayin tushensu na asali da fagen nazarin harshe da adabi da al'adu na Hausawan a makarantu da kwalejoji da jami'o'i a faxin duniya.
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Bitar Ma’anar Kalmar ‘Hausa’ A Qarni Na 21: Al’umma; Harshe; Azanci; Qasa; Nazari
AKWAI KARANCIN MUTANE A KANO MASU KATIN DAN KASA
An ga watan Shawwal A Nijeriya
