Daga Malumfashi Ibrahim
Tarihin rubutu da karatu irin na boko a kasar
Hausa da muka sani ya biyo matakai-matakai a
tsawon tarihi, wanda daga nan ne aka samar da
ka'idojin rubutun da kuma samar da Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Tun daga
farko dai abin da ya dace mu
fahimta shi ne tun kafin zuwan Turawa an rubuce
Hausa cikin wasu haruffan da ba na Turawa ba;
akwai dai masu hasashen an rubuce Hausa cikin
Girkanci, daga baya kuma aka sake rubuce ta cikin
Larabci da Ajami. Da yake ba wani rubutun Hausa da muka gani a kasa na
Girkanci har zuwa yau, za
mu iya cewa an fara daidaita rubutun Hauda ne da
Ajami, wato da haruffan Larabci. Wannan
dadaddiyar hanya ita ce Turawan Mishau suka iske,
suka gyara, suka bi domin kokarin daidaita
rubutun Hausa a cikin Romanci ko Latinanci a cikin littattafansu da suka samar.
Ke nan za mu iya cewa an soma yin rubutun Hausa
ne da kuma daidaita shi a cikin Ajami, zuwan Boko
ya kara masa muhibba da martaba a tsakanin
masana, saboda haka muna iya cewa daga abin da
Ajami ya tanadar ne aka samar da tsarin rubutun Bokon Hausa.
Ka'idojin farko na rubutun Boko da aka samu a
rubuce su ne wadanda R. H. Robinson ya gabatar a
1848 karkashin kungiyar CMS, inda bayan samar
da bakaken Hausa da wasullansu an fito da batun
haruffan nan da ke da lankwasa, wato d da k da b wadanda aka dinga yi
masu digo a karkashi domin
a bambanta da wadanda ba su da lankwasa.
Bayan Robinson sai kuma Raberan Schon wanda
ya rayu tsakanin 1803-1889, ya yi rubuce-rubuce
da dama da suka hada da:
Vocabulary of the Hausa Language (1843) Dictionary of the Hausa Language (1876)
Grammar of the Hausa Language (1862)
Magana Hausa (1885)
Duk da cewa Schon bai ziyarci kasar Hausa kai
tsaye ba, amma ta hulda da wadanda suka ziyarta
da kuma 'yan kasa da ya hadu da su a cikin rayuwarsa ya sa ya shiga
cikin aikin raya da rubuta
Hausa domin na baya. Shi ma ya tabbatar da kusan
dukkan bakake da wasullan Hausa da Robinson ya
samar, wadanda kuma har yau ana amfani da su,
sai dai babbar matsalar da ya fuskanta ita ce ta
haruffa masu lankwasa da ya bari kamar yadda Robinson ya samar da su,
don ya rasa yadda zai yi
da su. Haka kuma ya ci karo da matsalar hamza,
wato haruffa irin su:
/Tsami/, wanda ya rubuta kamar haka, /Sami/
/'Ya'ya/ da ya rubuta kamar haka /Yaya/
/Waje/ ya rubuta kamar haka, /Waze/ Wani da ya yi wa rubutun Hausa
bauta shi ma shi
ne Charles H. Robinson (1861-1925), shi ma
manazarcin harshe ne kuma dan Mishau, ya iya
Larabci sosai, ya kuma nakalci Ajami gwargwado.
Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka hada da:
Specimen of Hausa Literature (1896) Hausa Grammar (1897)
Dictionary of the Hausa Language (1899)
Tun farkon nazarinsa ya san da haruffa masu
lankwasa, saboda haka ya bar su da digo a
karkashin haruffan d da b da k. Sai dai shi ma ya
samu matsala wajen raba da kuma hada kalmomi ta yadda da yawa suka ba
shi ruwa. Alal misali yana
rubuta wasu jimloli kamar haka:
/Akakama/ a maimakon /Aka kama/
/Anayaki/ a maimakon /Ana yaki/
Wani dan Mishau da ya taka rawar gani wajen
rubuta da daidaita Hausa shi ne Hans Vischer Dan Hausa (1876-1945). Da
farko aikin Mishau ya fara,
daga baya kuma ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka,
inda ya zauna a kasar Hausa, ya nakalci Hausar da
al'adun Hausawa har aka dinga kiran sa Dan Hausa
saboda sajewar da ya yi. Shi ne ya samar da
makarantar Boko ta gwamnati ta farko a kasar Hausa, ya kuma kasance
jami'i mai kula da sha'anin
Ilimi a kasar Hausa. Shi ne ya fito da ka'idonjin
rubutun Hausa na farko a shekarar 1912, wato
Rules for Hausa Spelling, inda ya tabbatar da
bakake da wasullan Hausa da muke gain yanzu, ya
kuma nemi ya gyara matsalar haruffa masu lankwasa, inda a maimakon
yadda ake rubuta su a
da a karkashin haruffan d da b da k sai ya maido a
sama da alamar hamza, domin a gan su a fili a kuma
fade cikin sauri wajen karatu. Ga yadda ya tsara su
da sauran wasu daga cikin dokokin da ya samar.
/'b/ /'d/ /'k/ /Mache/ a maimakon /Mace/
/'Ya/ a madadin /Y/
/Rigas Sarki/ a maimakon /Rigas Sarki/
/Sayam Masa/ a madadin /Sayar Masa/
/Farri/ a matsayin /Fari/
/Fatta/ a madadin /Fata/ /Sayesaye/ a madadin /Saye-saye/
Wanda ya biyo layi shi ne Raberan G.P Bargery
(1876-1960), shi ma kamar sauran da ya biyo
bayansu ya bauta wa Mishau, a cikin haka ya
inganta rubutun Hausa da ka'idojinsa. Babbar
gudunmuwar da ya bayar ita ce ta samar da kamus na Hausa-English
Dictionary and English–Hausa
Vocabulary. A cikin wannan gagarumin aiki da ya
yi a shekarar 1934, ya ci gaba ne daga inda Hans
Vischer ya tsaya, ta amincewa da haruffa masu
lankwasa, sai dai shi ma ya rubuta su a saman
haruffa da hamza, kamar yadda Vischer ya yi. Sai dai ya sake canza
wasu haruffa masu aure ko
tagwaye, irin su /Ch/ ta koma /C/, wato ya rubuta /
Caca/ a maimakon /Chacha/, ya soke amfani da
nannagen haruffa a cikin kalmomi wato irin su /sh/
ko /ts/ a tsakanin kalma ya mayar da su zuwa /s/
ko /t/ alal misali, /shashshaka/ ake rubutawa a da, shi kuma ya rubuta
kamar haka, /shasshaka/ ko
kuma /tsatstsafa/ ya mayar da ita kamar haka, /
tsattsafa/. Haka kuma shi ne ya fara bayani a fili
bambanci tsakanin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa na
Karin Harshe da Daidaitacciyar Hausa, inda yake
bambanta su a cikin aikinsa, misali: /Sayar da shi/, a maimakon /Sayad
da shi/ wanda
Katsinanci ne.
/Rigar Sarki/, a maimakon /Rigas Sarki/ wanda
Katsinanci ne.
Bargery ne kuma ya fara tabbatar da samuwar
karin sauti a cikin rubutun Hausa, yana sanya alamar – a karkashin
kowane harafi mai dauke da
karin sauti na kasa, na sama saboda yawan fitar sa
a cikin harshen bai ba shi wata alama ba. Haka
yana nuna yadda ake rubuta dogo da gajeren
wasali.
Daga Bargery sai dalibinsa R. C. Abraham (1890-1963), ma'aikacin
gwamnatin mulkin
mallaka ne wanda ya taba zama ADO a Kano. Ya
bauta wa Hausa gwargwadon iyawarsa, inda ya
rubuta littattafai da suka hada da Principles of
Hausa a 1934 da A Modern Grammar of Spoken
Hausa a 1941 da Dictionary of the Hausa Language a 1949 da kuma The
Language of Hausa People a
1959. Kodayake aikin Abraham ya kasance na
zamani, duk da haka daga abin da Bargery da
Gwamnatin Arewa ta shirya ne ya gina nasa. Sai dai
ya kasance mai kawo nasa canjin shi ma domin shi
ne ya fara rubuta haruffan Hausa masu lankwasa kamar yadda suke a
halin yanzu, wato a shekarar
1938. Haka kuma ya bambanta tsakanin haruffan /
n/ biyu, wato ra-gare da ra-kade, misali a hanci da
tankade. Ya kuma nuna inda karin sauti ke fita da
tsawon wasali, inda yake sa wannan alamar – a
saman dogon wasali da kuma – a kasan harafi mai karin sauti na kasa,
kamar yadda Bargery ya yi.
Daga wannan lokaci ne aka tabbatar da samuwar
Daitattaciyar Hausa da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa.
Dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a baya za a ga
daidaikun mutane ne ke yi da kulawar hukuma, sai
dai hukuar ba ta sa baki ba sosai da sosai sai a shekarar 1955 da aka
kafa Hukumar Kula Da
Lamurran Hausa, wadda hukuma ce da ta yi
kokarin daidaita Hausa da samar da ka'idojin
rubuta Hausar. Ta yi abubuwa da dama, ita ce ta
gyara da tantance duk wadansu kalmomin aro da
na kimiyya da fasaha. Wannan hukuma ce kuma ta waiwayi aikin da Hans
Vischer ya yi a 1952 domin
daidaita tunani da zamani, ta samar da kundin da ta
kira Rules for Hausa Orthography a 1958. A daidai
wannan lokaci ne aka tsayar da karin Hausar Kano
a matsayin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, sai dai an shelanta
cewa duk inda aka sami kalmomi da a cikin garin Kano kadai ake furta
su, ana iya maye gurbinsu da
wadansu daga kare-karen Hausa can daban da
suka fi karbuwa.
Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka bar kasar
Hausa, an yi ta kokari daga 'yan gida a daidaita
rubutun Hausa. Taro na farko da aka yi shi ne a birnin Bamako na kasar
Mali a shekarar 1966,
karkashin jagorancin Hukumar UNESCO, inda aka
tattauna yadda za a daidaita rubutun Hausa a
Yammacin Afrirka. A wannan taron ne aka amince a
rubuta Hausa kamar haka.
Haruffa masu lankwasa /b/ da /k/ da /d/ kamar yadda suke yanzu.
Aka samar da tagwayen haruffa /sh/ da /ts/ da /
gy/ da /ky/ da /ky/ da /gw/ da /kw/
A kuma raba /su/da /na/ wato /su na/ ko /ka na/
ko /ki na/ da /ya na/ dss
A shekarar 1970 kuma an yi wani taron a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria
inda aka sake kallon aikin da
Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa ta yi a 1958, aka
samar da sababbin bayanai kamar haka:
A dinga rubuta /ko'ina/ ba /ko ina/ ba
Haka a rubuta /yake/ ba /ya ke/ ba, ko /yakan/
ba /ya kan/ ba, /suna/ ba /su na/ ba. Da kuma /mutum/ ba /mutun/ ba
Da /malam/ ba /malan/ ba
/Ranar kasuwa/ ba /ranak kasuwa/ ba
A shekarar 1972 kuma an sake gudanar da wani
taro a a jami'ar Bayero Kano, wanda shi ma ya yi
kokarin daidaita ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, an amince da 'yan
gyare-gyare da dama, wadanda za
iya cewa su ne har yau ake amfani da su a duk
fadin duniyar Hausa.
Ga kadan daga abubuwan da aka amince da su a
wurin taron, kamar yadda M.K.M.Galadanci ya
kattaba. Universal nouns are written as one word
/komai/ ba /ko mai/ ba
/kowa/ ba /ko wa/ ba
/koyaushe/ ba /ko yaushe/ ba
Where the pre-verbal pronoun precedes the tense
marker it is written as one word. /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba
/yana/ ba /ya na/ ba
Where the tense marker precedes the pre-verbal
pronoun it is written separately.
/za mu/ ba /zamu/
/za su/ ba /zasu/ ba A short possessive is joined to the preceding
nominal
/dokina/ ba /doki na/ ba
/rigarsa/ ba /rigar sa/ ba
/zanenta/ ba /zanen ta/ ba
But the long possessive is written separately /wani doki nawa/ ba
/wani dokinawa/ ba
/wata riga tawa/ ba /wata rigatawa/ ba
/wani zane nata/ ba /wani zanenata/ ba
The pronoun object is written separately
/ya ba ni/ ba /ya bani/ ba
/mun sa shi/ ba /mun sashi/ ba /ana kiran ka/ ba /ana kiranka/ ba
Haka kuma an jaddada cewa /saboda/ da /
watakila/ kalmomi ne a cure wuri guda, ba a
rubuta su a ware ba, wato /sabo da/ ko /wata kila/
ba da sauran su.
Taron karshe da aka yi na daidaita rubutun Hausa shi ne wanda aka yi a
Niamey, a kasar Nijar a
shekarar 1980, karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar
Hada Kan Afirka, (OAU). An shirya wannan taro ne
don a mayar da hankali wajen daidaita rubutun
Hausa a Nijeriya da Nijar, shi ma wannan taro ya
amince da muhimman bayanai da suka hada da: An tabbatar da gajerun
wasullan Hausa: i,e,a,o,u
An tabbatar da dogayen wasullan Hausa:
ii,ee,aa,oo,uu
Da kuma bakaken Hausa kusa 33
Daga lokacin da aka kashe Hausa Language Board
(Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa) da aka kafa a 1958 sai aka mayar da
yawancin ayyukanta ga
Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da ke karkashin
Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, ita ce mai kula da ka'idoji da
daidaita rubutun Hausa, kuma tun daga 1982 ta yi
iyakacin kokarinta na yin wannan aiki tukuru. Ita
ce ke shirya tarurrukan inganta harsunan Nijeriya (musamman na Hausa
da Fulfulde da Kanuri), ta
kuma samar da aikin fassara kalmomin zamani
zuwa Hausa da kuma Kamusun Hausa da ta buga a
shekarar 2007, bayan sama da shekara 30 ana
bincike da nazari da bita.
Inda muke ke nan yanzu, ba wani taro kuma da aka kara yi har zuwa yau
da na sani domin daidaita
ko sake shata ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wanda da
zarar an samu wannan dama duk wata matsala a
nan za a tattauna ta, a kuma samar da matsaya
domin amfanin sauran al'umma. Allah shi ne
masani!
ASALI DA GINUWAR DAIDAITACIYAR HAUSA DA KA'IDOJINTA
Daga Malumfashi Ibrahim
Tarihin rubutu da karatu irin na boko a kasar
Hausa da muka sani ya biyo matakai-matakai a
tsawon tarihi, wanda daga nan ne aka samar da
ka'idojin rubutun da kuma samar da Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Tun daga
farko dai abin da ya dace mu
fahimta shi ne tun kafin zuwan Turawa an rubuce
Hausa cikin wasu haruffan da ba na Turawa ba;
akwai dai masu hasashen an rubuce Hausa cikin
Girkanci, daga baya kuma aka sake rubuce ta cikin
Larabci da Ajami. Da yake ba wani rubutun Hausa da muka gani a kasa na
Girkanci har zuwa yau, za
mu iya cewa an fara daidaita rubutun Hauda ne da
Ajami, wato da haruffan Larabci. Wannan
dadaddiyar hanya ita ce Turawan Mishau suka iske,
suka gyara, suka bi domin kokarin daidaita
rubutun Hausa a cikin Romanci ko Latinanci a cikin littattafansu da suka samar.
Ke nan za mu iya cewa an soma yin rubutun Hausa
ne da kuma daidaita shi a cikin Ajami, zuwan Boko
ya kara masa muhibba da martaba a tsakanin
masana, saboda haka muna iya cewa daga abin da
Ajami ya tanadar ne aka samar da tsarin rubutun Bokon Hausa.
Ka'idojin farko na rubutun Boko da aka samu a
rubuce su ne wadanda R. H. Robinson ya gabatar a
1848 karkashin kungiyar CMS, inda bayan samar
da bakaken Hausa da wasullansu an fito da batun
haruffan nan da ke da lankwasa, wato d da k da b wadanda aka dinga yi
masu digo a karkashi domin
a bambanta da wadanda ba su da lankwasa.
Bayan Robinson sai kuma Raberan Schon wanda
ya rayu tsakanin 1803-1889, ya yi rubuce-rubuce
da dama da suka hada da:
Vocabulary of the Hausa Language (1843) Dictionary of the Hausa Language (1876)
Grammar of the Hausa Language (1862)
Magana Hausa (1885)
Duk da cewa Schon bai ziyarci kasar Hausa kai
tsaye ba, amma ta hulda da wadanda suka ziyarta
da kuma 'yan kasa da ya hadu da su a cikin rayuwarsa ya sa ya shiga
cikin aikin raya da rubuta
Hausa domin na baya. Shi ma ya tabbatar da kusan
dukkan bakake da wasullan Hausa da Robinson ya
samar, wadanda kuma har yau ana amfani da su,
sai dai babbar matsalar da ya fuskanta ita ce ta
haruffa masu lankwasa da ya bari kamar yadda Robinson ya samar da su,
don ya rasa yadda zai yi
da su. Haka kuma ya ci karo da matsalar hamza,
wato haruffa irin su:
/Tsami/, wanda ya rubuta kamar haka, /Sami/
/'Ya'ya/ da ya rubuta kamar haka /Yaya/
/Waje/ ya rubuta kamar haka, /Waze/ Wani da ya yi wa rubutun Hausa
bauta shi ma shi
ne Charles H. Robinson (1861-1925), shi ma
manazarcin harshe ne kuma dan Mishau, ya iya
Larabci sosai, ya kuma nakalci Ajami gwargwado.
Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka hada da:
Specimen of Hausa Literature (1896) Hausa Grammar (1897)
Dictionary of the Hausa Language (1899)
Tun farkon nazarinsa ya san da haruffa masu
lankwasa, saboda haka ya bar su da digo a
karkashin haruffan d da b da k. Sai dai shi ma ya
samu matsala wajen raba da kuma hada kalmomi ta yadda da yawa suka ba
shi ruwa. Alal misali yana
rubuta wasu jimloli kamar haka:
/Akakama/ a maimakon /Aka kama/
/Anayaki/ a maimakon /Ana yaki/
Wani dan Mishau da ya taka rawar gani wajen
rubuta da daidaita Hausa shi ne Hans Vischer Dan Hausa (1876-1945). Da
farko aikin Mishau ya fara,
daga baya kuma ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka,
inda ya zauna a kasar Hausa, ya nakalci Hausar da
al'adun Hausawa har aka dinga kiran sa Dan Hausa
saboda sajewar da ya yi. Shi ne ya samar da
makarantar Boko ta gwamnati ta farko a kasar Hausa, ya kuma kasance
jami'i mai kula da sha'anin
Ilimi a kasar Hausa. Shi ne ya fito da ka'idonjin
rubutun Hausa na farko a shekarar 1912, wato
Rules for Hausa Spelling, inda ya tabbatar da
bakake da wasullan Hausa da muke gain yanzu, ya
kuma nemi ya gyara matsalar haruffa masu lankwasa, inda a maimakon
yadda ake rubuta su a
da a karkashin haruffan d da b da k sai ya maido a
sama da alamar hamza, domin a gan su a fili a kuma
fade cikin sauri wajen karatu. Ga yadda ya tsara su
da sauran wasu daga cikin dokokin da ya samar.
/'b/ /'d/ /'k/ /Mache/ a maimakon /Mace/
/'Ya/ a madadin /Y/
/Rigas Sarki/ a maimakon /Rigas Sarki/
/Sayam Masa/ a madadin /Sayar Masa/
/Farri/ a matsayin /Fari/
/Fatta/ a madadin /Fata/ /Sayesaye/ a madadin /Saye-saye/
Wanda ya biyo layi shi ne Raberan G.P Bargery
(1876-1960), shi ma kamar sauran da ya biyo
bayansu ya bauta wa Mishau, a cikin haka ya
inganta rubutun Hausa da ka'idojinsa. Babbar
gudunmuwar da ya bayar ita ce ta samar da kamus na Hausa-English
Dictionary and English–Hausa
Vocabulary. A cikin wannan gagarumin aiki da ya
yi a shekarar 1934, ya ci gaba ne daga inda Hans
Vischer ya tsaya, ta amincewa da haruffa masu
lankwasa, sai dai shi ma ya rubuta su a saman
haruffa da hamza, kamar yadda Vischer ya yi. Sai dai ya sake canza
wasu haruffa masu aure ko
tagwaye, irin su /Ch/ ta koma /C/, wato ya rubuta /
Caca/ a maimakon /Chacha/, ya soke amfani da
nannagen haruffa a cikin kalmomi wato irin su /sh/
ko /ts/ a tsakanin kalma ya mayar da su zuwa /s/
ko /t/ alal misali, /shashshaka/ ake rubutawa a da, shi kuma ya rubuta
kamar haka, /shasshaka/ ko
kuma /tsatstsafa/ ya mayar da ita kamar haka, /
tsattsafa/. Haka kuma shi ne ya fara bayani a fili
bambanci tsakanin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa na
Karin Harshe da Daidaitacciyar Hausa, inda yake
bambanta su a cikin aikinsa, misali: /Sayar da shi/, a maimakon /Sayad
da shi/ wanda
Katsinanci ne.
/Rigar Sarki/, a maimakon /Rigas Sarki/ wanda
Katsinanci ne.
Bargery ne kuma ya fara tabbatar da samuwar
karin sauti a cikin rubutun Hausa, yana sanya alamar – a karkashin
kowane harafi mai dauke da
karin sauti na kasa, na sama saboda yawan fitar sa
a cikin harshen bai ba shi wata alama ba. Haka
yana nuna yadda ake rubuta dogo da gajeren
wasali.
Daga Bargery sai dalibinsa R. C. Abraham (1890-1963), ma'aikacin
gwamnatin mulkin
mallaka ne wanda ya taba zama ADO a Kano. Ya
bauta wa Hausa gwargwadon iyawarsa, inda ya
rubuta littattafai da suka hada da Principles of
Hausa a 1934 da A Modern Grammar of Spoken
Hausa a 1941 da Dictionary of the Hausa Language a 1949 da kuma The
Language of Hausa People a
1959. Kodayake aikin Abraham ya kasance na
zamani, duk da haka daga abin da Bargery da
Gwamnatin Arewa ta shirya ne ya gina nasa. Sai dai
ya kasance mai kawo nasa canjin shi ma domin shi
ne ya fara rubuta haruffan Hausa masu lankwasa kamar yadda suke a
halin yanzu, wato a shekarar
1938. Haka kuma ya bambanta tsakanin haruffan /
n/ biyu, wato ra-gare da ra-kade, misali a hanci da
tankade. Ya kuma nuna inda karin sauti ke fita da
tsawon wasali, inda yake sa wannan alamar – a
saman dogon wasali da kuma – a kasan harafi mai karin sauti na kasa,
kamar yadda Bargery ya yi.
Daga wannan lokaci ne aka tabbatar da samuwar
Daitattaciyar Hausa da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa.
Dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a baya za a ga
daidaikun mutane ne ke yi da kulawar hukuma, sai
dai hukuar ba ta sa baki ba sosai da sosai sai a shekarar 1955 da aka
kafa Hukumar Kula Da
Lamurran Hausa, wadda hukuma ce da ta yi
kokarin daidaita Hausa da samar da ka'idojin
rubuta Hausar. Ta yi abubuwa da dama, ita ce ta
gyara da tantance duk wadansu kalmomin aro da
na kimiyya da fasaha. Wannan hukuma ce kuma ta waiwayi aikin da Hans
Vischer ya yi a 1952 domin
daidaita tunani da zamani, ta samar da kundin da ta
kira Rules for Hausa Orthography a 1958. A daidai
wannan lokaci ne aka tsayar da karin Hausar Kano
a matsayin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, sai dai an shelanta
cewa duk inda aka sami kalmomi da a cikin garin Kano kadai ake furta
su, ana iya maye gurbinsu da
wadansu daga kare-karen Hausa can daban da
suka fi karbuwa.
Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka bar kasar
Hausa, an yi ta kokari daga 'yan gida a daidaita
rubutun Hausa. Taro na farko da aka yi shi ne a birnin Bamako na kasar
Mali a shekarar 1966,
karkashin jagorancin Hukumar UNESCO, inda aka
tattauna yadda za a daidaita rubutun Hausa a
Yammacin Afrirka. A wannan taron ne aka amince a
rubuta Hausa kamar haka.
Haruffa masu lankwasa /b/ da /k/ da /d/ kamar yadda suke yanzu.
Aka samar da tagwayen haruffa /sh/ da /ts/ da /
gy/ da /ky/ da /ky/ da /gw/ da /kw/
A kuma raba /su/da /na/ wato /su na/ ko /ka na/
ko /ki na/ da /ya na/ dss
A shekarar 1970 kuma an yi wani taron a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria
inda aka sake kallon aikin da
Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa ta yi a 1958, aka
samar da sababbin bayanai kamar haka:
A dinga rubuta /ko'ina/ ba /ko ina/ ba
Haka a rubuta /yake/ ba /ya ke/ ba, ko /yakan/
ba /ya kan/ ba, /suna/ ba /su na/ ba. Da kuma /mutum/ ba /mutun/ ba
Da /malam/ ba /malan/ ba
/Ranar kasuwa/ ba /ranak kasuwa/ ba
A shekarar 1972 kuma an sake gudanar da wani
taro a a jami'ar Bayero Kano, wanda shi ma ya yi
kokarin daidaita ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, an amince da 'yan
gyare-gyare da dama, wadanda za
iya cewa su ne har yau ake amfani da su a duk
fadin duniyar Hausa.
Ga kadan daga abubuwan da aka amince da su a
wurin taron, kamar yadda M.K.M.Galadanci ya
kattaba. Universal nouns are written as one word
/komai/ ba /ko mai/ ba
/kowa/ ba /ko wa/ ba
/koyaushe/ ba /ko yaushe/ ba
Where the pre-verbal pronoun precedes the tense
marker it is written as one word. /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba
/yana/ ba /ya na/ ba
Where the tense marker precedes the pre-verbal
pronoun it is written separately.
/za mu/ ba /zamu/
/za su/ ba /zasu/ ba A short possessive is joined to the preceding
nominal
/dokina/ ba /doki na/ ba
/rigarsa/ ba /rigar sa/ ba
/zanenta/ ba /zanen ta/ ba
But the long possessive is written separately /wani doki nawa/ ba
/wani dokinawa/ ba
/wata riga tawa/ ba /wata rigatawa/ ba
/wani zane nata/ ba /wani zanenata/ ba
The pronoun object is written separately
/ya ba ni/ ba /ya bani/ ba
/mun sa shi/ ba /mun sashi/ ba /ana kiran ka/ ba /ana kiranka/ ba
Haka kuma an jaddada cewa /saboda/ da /
watakila/ kalmomi ne a cure wuri guda, ba a
rubuta su a ware ba, wato /sabo da/ ko /wata kila/
ba da sauran su.
Taron karshe da aka yi na daidaita rubutun Hausa shi ne wanda aka yi a
Niamey, a kasar Nijar a
shekarar 1980, karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar
Hada Kan Afirka, (OAU). An shirya wannan taro ne
don a mayar da hankali wajen daidaita rubutun
Hausa a Nijeriya da Nijar, shi ma wannan taro ya
amince da muhimman bayanai da suka hada da: An tabbatar da gajerun
wasullan Hausa: i,e,a,o,u
An tabbatar da dogayen wasullan Hausa:
ii,ee,aa,oo,uu
Da kuma bakaken Hausa kusa 33
Daga lokacin da aka kashe Hausa Language Board
(Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa) da aka kafa a 1958 sai aka mayar da
yawancin ayyukanta ga
Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da ke karkashin
Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, ita ce mai kula da ka'idoji da
daidaita rubutun Hausa, kuma tun daga 1982 ta yi
iyakacin kokarinta na yin wannan aiki tukuru. Ita
ce ke shirya tarurrukan inganta harsunan Nijeriya (musamman na Hausa
da Fulfulde da Kanuri), ta
kuma samar da aikin fassara kalmomin zamani
zuwa Hausa da kuma Kamusun Hausa da ta buga a
shekarar 2007, bayan sama da shekara 30 ana
bincike da nazari da bita.
Inda muke ke nan yanzu, ba wani taro kuma da aka kara yi har zuwa yau
da na sani domin daidaita
ko sake shata ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wanda da
zarar an samu wannan dama duk wata matsala a
nan za a tattauna ta, a kuma samar da matsaya
domin amfanin sauran al'umma. Allah shi ne
masani!
Tarihin rubutu da karatu irin na boko a kasar
Hausa da muka sani ya biyo matakai-matakai a
tsawon tarihi, wanda daga nan ne aka samar da
ka'idojin rubutun da kuma samar da Daidaitacciyar Hausa. Tun daga
farko dai abin da ya dace mu
fahimta shi ne tun kafin zuwan Turawa an rubuce
Hausa cikin wasu haruffan da ba na Turawa ba;
akwai dai masu hasashen an rubuce Hausa cikin
Girkanci, daga baya kuma aka sake rubuce ta cikin
Larabci da Ajami. Da yake ba wani rubutun Hausa da muka gani a kasa na
Girkanci har zuwa yau, za
mu iya cewa an fara daidaita rubutun Hauda ne da
Ajami, wato da haruffan Larabci. Wannan
dadaddiyar hanya ita ce Turawan Mishau suka iske,
suka gyara, suka bi domin kokarin daidaita
rubutun Hausa a cikin Romanci ko Latinanci a cikin littattafansu da suka samar.
Ke nan za mu iya cewa an soma yin rubutun Hausa
ne da kuma daidaita shi a cikin Ajami, zuwan Boko
ya kara masa muhibba da martaba a tsakanin
masana, saboda haka muna iya cewa daga abin da
Ajami ya tanadar ne aka samar da tsarin rubutun Bokon Hausa.
Ka'idojin farko na rubutun Boko da aka samu a
rubuce su ne wadanda R. H. Robinson ya gabatar a
1848 karkashin kungiyar CMS, inda bayan samar
da bakaken Hausa da wasullansu an fito da batun
haruffan nan da ke da lankwasa, wato d da k da b wadanda aka dinga yi
masu digo a karkashi domin
a bambanta da wadanda ba su da lankwasa.
Bayan Robinson sai kuma Raberan Schon wanda
ya rayu tsakanin 1803-1889, ya yi rubuce-rubuce
da dama da suka hada da:
Vocabulary of the Hausa Language (1843) Dictionary of the Hausa Language (1876)
Grammar of the Hausa Language (1862)
Magana Hausa (1885)
Duk da cewa Schon bai ziyarci kasar Hausa kai
tsaye ba, amma ta hulda da wadanda suka ziyarta
da kuma 'yan kasa da ya hadu da su a cikin rayuwarsa ya sa ya shiga
cikin aikin raya da rubuta
Hausa domin na baya. Shi ma ya tabbatar da kusan
dukkan bakake da wasullan Hausa da Robinson ya
samar, wadanda kuma har yau ana amfani da su,
sai dai babbar matsalar da ya fuskanta ita ce ta
haruffa masu lankwasa da ya bari kamar yadda Robinson ya samar da su,
don ya rasa yadda zai yi
da su. Haka kuma ya ci karo da matsalar hamza,
wato haruffa irin su:
/Tsami/, wanda ya rubuta kamar haka, /Sami/
/'Ya'ya/ da ya rubuta kamar haka /Yaya/
/Waje/ ya rubuta kamar haka, /Waze/ Wani da ya yi wa rubutun Hausa
bauta shi ma shi
ne Charles H. Robinson (1861-1925), shi ma
manazarcin harshe ne kuma dan Mishau, ya iya
Larabci sosai, ya kuma nakalci Ajami gwargwado.
Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka hada da:
Specimen of Hausa Literature (1896) Hausa Grammar (1897)
Dictionary of the Hausa Language (1899)
Tun farkon nazarinsa ya san da haruffa masu
lankwasa, saboda haka ya bar su da digo a
karkashin haruffan d da b da k. Sai dai shi ma ya
samu matsala wajen raba da kuma hada kalmomi ta yadda da yawa suka ba
shi ruwa. Alal misali yana
rubuta wasu jimloli kamar haka:
/Akakama/ a maimakon /Aka kama/
/Anayaki/ a maimakon /Ana yaki/
Wani dan Mishau da ya taka rawar gani wajen
rubuta da daidaita Hausa shi ne Hans Vischer Dan Hausa (1876-1945). Da
farko aikin Mishau ya fara,
daga baya kuma ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka,
inda ya zauna a kasar Hausa, ya nakalci Hausar da
al'adun Hausawa har aka dinga kiran sa Dan Hausa
saboda sajewar da ya yi. Shi ne ya samar da
makarantar Boko ta gwamnati ta farko a kasar Hausa, ya kuma kasance
jami'i mai kula da sha'anin
Ilimi a kasar Hausa. Shi ne ya fito da ka'idonjin
rubutun Hausa na farko a shekarar 1912, wato
Rules for Hausa Spelling, inda ya tabbatar da
bakake da wasullan Hausa da muke gain yanzu, ya
kuma nemi ya gyara matsalar haruffa masu lankwasa, inda a maimakon
yadda ake rubuta su a
da a karkashin haruffan d da b da k sai ya maido a
sama da alamar hamza, domin a gan su a fili a kuma
fade cikin sauri wajen karatu. Ga yadda ya tsara su
da sauran wasu daga cikin dokokin da ya samar.
/'b/ /'d/ /'k/ /Mache/ a maimakon /Mace/
/'Ya/ a madadin /Y/
/Rigas Sarki/ a maimakon /Rigas Sarki/
/Sayam Masa/ a madadin /Sayar Masa/
/Farri/ a matsayin /Fari/
/Fatta/ a madadin /Fata/ /Sayesaye/ a madadin /Saye-saye/
Wanda ya biyo layi shi ne Raberan G.P Bargery
(1876-1960), shi ma kamar sauran da ya biyo
bayansu ya bauta wa Mishau, a cikin haka ya
inganta rubutun Hausa da ka'idojinsa. Babbar
gudunmuwar da ya bayar ita ce ta samar da kamus na Hausa-English
Dictionary and English–Hausa
Vocabulary. A cikin wannan gagarumin aiki da ya
yi a shekarar 1934, ya ci gaba ne daga inda Hans
Vischer ya tsaya, ta amincewa da haruffa masu
lankwasa, sai dai shi ma ya rubuta su a saman
haruffa da hamza, kamar yadda Vischer ya yi. Sai dai ya sake canza
wasu haruffa masu aure ko
tagwaye, irin su /Ch/ ta koma /C/, wato ya rubuta /
Caca/ a maimakon /Chacha/, ya soke amfani da
nannagen haruffa a cikin kalmomi wato irin su /sh/
ko /ts/ a tsakanin kalma ya mayar da su zuwa /s/
ko /t/ alal misali, /shashshaka/ ake rubutawa a da, shi kuma ya rubuta
kamar haka, /shasshaka/ ko
kuma /tsatstsafa/ ya mayar da ita kamar haka, /
tsattsafa/. Haka kuma shi ne ya fara bayani a fili
bambanci tsakanin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa na
Karin Harshe da Daidaitacciyar Hausa, inda yake
bambanta su a cikin aikinsa, misali: /Sayar da shi/, a maimakon /Sayad
da shi/ wanda
Katsinanci ne.
/Rigar Sarki/, a maimakon /Rigas Sarki/ wanda
Katsinanci ne.
Bargery ne kuma ya fara tabbatar da samuwar
karin sauti a cikin rubutun Hausa, yana sanya alamar – a karkashin
kowane harafi mai dauke da
karin sauti na kasa, na sama saboda yawan fitar sa
a cikin harshen bai ba shi wata alama ba. Haka
yana nuna yadda ake rubuta dogo da gajeren
wasali.
Daga Bargery sai dalibinsa R. C. Abraham (1890-1963), ma'aikacin
gwamnatin mulkin
mallaka ne wanda ya taba zama ADO a Kano. Ya
bauta wa Hausa gwargwadon iyawarsa, inda ya
rubuta littattafai da suka hada da Principles of
Hausa a 1934 da A Modern Grammar of Spoken
Hausa a 1941 da Dictionary of the Hausa Language a 1949 da kuma The
Language of Hausa People a
1959. Kodayake aikin Abraham ya kasance na
zamani, duk da haka daga abin da Bargery da
Gwamnatin Arewa ta shirya ne ya gina nasa. Sai dai
ya kasance mai kawo nasa canjin shi ma domin shi
ne ya fara rubuta haruffan Hausa masu lankwasa kamar yadda suke a
halin yanzu, wato a shekarar
1938. Haka kuma ya bambanta tsakanin haruffan /
n/ biyu, wato ra-gare da ra-kade, misali a hanci da
tankade. Ya kuma nuna inda karin sauti ke fita da
tsawon wasali, inda yake sa wannan alamar – a
saman dogon wasali da kuma – a kasan harafi mai karin sauti na kasa,
kamar yadda Bargery ya yi.
Daga wannan lokaci ne aka tabbatar da samuwar
Daitattaciyar Hausa da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa.
Dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a baya za a ga
daidaikun mutane ne ke yi da kulawar hukuma, sai
dai hukuar ba ta sa baki ba sosai da sosai sai a shekarar 1955 da aka
kafa Hukumar Kula Da
Lamurran Hausa, wadda hukuma ce da ta yi
kokarin daidaita Hausa da samar da ka'idojin
rubuta Hausar. Ta yi abubuwa da dama, ita ce ta
gyara da tantance duk wadansu kalmomin aro da
na kimiyya da fasaha. Wannan hukuma ce kuma ta waiwayi aikin da Hans
Vischer ya yi a 1952 domin
daidaita tunani da zamani, ta samar da kundin da ta
kira Rules for Hausa Orthography a 1958. A daidai
wannan lokaci ne aka tsayar da karin Hausar Kano
a matsayin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, sai dai an shelanta
cewa duk inda aka sami kalmomi da a cikin garin Kano kadai ake furta
su, ana iya maye gurbinsu da
wadansu daga kare-karen Hausa can daban da
suka fi karbuwa.
Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka bar kasar
Hausa, an yi ta kokari daga 'yan gida a daidaita
rubutun Hausa. Taro na farko da aka yi shi ne a birnin Bamako na kasar
Mali a shekarar 1966,
karkashin jagorancin Hukumar UNESCO, inda aka
tattauna yadda za a daidaita rubutun Hausa a
Yammacin Afrirka. A wannan taron ne aka amince a
rubuta Hausa kamar haka.
Haruffa masu lankwasa /b/ da /k/ da /d/ kamar yadda suke yanzu.
Aka samar da tagwayen haruffa /sh/ da /ts/ da /
gy/ da /ky/ da /ky/ da /gw/ da /kw/
A kuma raba /su/da /na/ wato /su na/ ko /ka na/
ko /ki na/ da /ya na/ dss
A shekarar 1970 kuma an yi wani taron a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria
inda aka sake kallon aikin da
Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa ta yi a 1958, aka
samar da sababbin bayanai kamar haka:
A dinga rubuta /ko'ina/ ba /ko ina/ ba
Haka a rubuta /yake/ ba /ya ke/ ba, ko /yakan/
ba /ya kan/ ba, /suna/ ba /su na/ ba. Da kuma /mutum/ ba /mutun/ ba
Da /malam/ ba /malan/ ba
/Ranar kasuwa/ ba /ranak kasuwa/ ba
A shekarar 1972 kuma an sake gudanar da wani
taro a a jami'ar Bayero Kano, wanda shi ma ya yi
kokarin daidaita ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, an amince da 'yan
gyare-gyare da dama, wadanda za
iya cewa su ne har yau ake amfani da su a duk
fadin duniyar Hausa.
Ga kadan daga abubuwan da aka amince da su a
wurin taron, kamar yadda M.K.M.Galadanci ya
kattaba. Universal nouns are written as one word
/komai/ ba /ko mai/ ba
/kowa/ ba /ko wa/ ba
/koyaushe/ ba /ko yaushe/ ba
Where the pre-verbal pronoun precedes the tense
marker it is written as one word. /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba
/yana/ ba /ya na/ ba
Where the tense marker precedes the pre-verbal
pronoun it is written separately.
/za mu/ ba /zamu/
/za su/ ba /zasu/ ba A short possessive is joined to the preceding
nominal
/dokina/ ba /doki na/ ba
/rigarsa/ ba /rigar sa/ ba
/zanenta/ ba /zanen ta/ ba
But the long possessive is written separately /wani doki nawa/ ba
/wani dokinawa/ ba
/wata riga tawa/ ba /wata rigatawa/ ba
/wani zane nata/ ba /wani zanenata/ ba
The pronoun object is written separately
/ya ba ni/ ba /ya bani/ ba
/mun sa shi/ ba /mun sashi/ ba /ana kiran ka/ ba /ana kiranka/ ba
Haka kuma an jaddada cewa /saboda/ da /
watakila/ kalmomi ne a cure wuri guda, ba a
rubuta su a ware ba, wato /sabo da/ ko /wata kila/
ba da sauran su.
Taron karshe da aka yi na daidaita rubutun Hausa shi ne wanda aka yi a
Niamey, a kasar Nijar a
shekarar 1980, karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar
Hada Kan Afirka, (OAU). An shirya wannan taro ne
don a mayar da hankali wajen daidaita rubutun
Hausa a Nijeriya da Nijar, shi ma wannan taro ya
amince da muhimman bayanai da suka hada da: An tabbatar da gajerun
wasullan Hausa: i,e,a,o,u
An tabbatar da dogayen wasullan Hausa:
ii,ee,aa,oo,uu
Da kuma bakaken Hausa kusa 33
Daga lokacin da aka kashe Hausa Language Board
(Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa) da aka kafa a 1958 sai aka mayar da
yawancin ayyukanta ga
Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da ke karkashin
Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, ita ce mai kula da ka'idoji da
daidaita rubutun Hausa, kuma tun daga 1982 ta yi
iyakacin kokarinta na yin wannan aiki tukuru. Ita
ce ke shirya tarurrukan inganta harsunan Nijeriya (musamman na Hausa
da Fulfulde da Kanuri), ta
kuma samar da aikin fassara kalmomin zamani
zuwa Hausa da kuma Kamusun Hausa da ta buga a
shekarar 2007, bayan sama da shekara 30 ana
bincike da nazari da bita.
Inda muke ke nan yanzu, ba wani taro kuma da aka kara yi har zuwa yau
da na sani domin daidaita
ko sake shata ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wanda da
zarar an samu wannan dama duk wata matsala a
nan za a tattauna ta, a kuma samar da matsaya
domin amfanin sauran al'umma. Allah shi ne
masani!
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